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While our understanding of the neurochemistry of depression remains incomplete, one of the dominating neurobiological theories of depression is the monoamine hypothesis. This competitve effect can be reduced by increasing the tryptophan ratio to other amino acids by supplementing with tryptophan. The typical Western diet contains approximately 500 mg of L-tryptophan per day but due to metabolism and competition with other amino acids, only 2–3% of L-tryptophan enters the brain where it is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and then into serotonin. Because L-tryptophan is found in both animal and vegetable sources, a normal balanced diet generally assures enough L-tryptophan intake.
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The recommended dietary L-tryptophan daily intake for human adults ranges from 250 to 425 mg/day, corresponding to 3.5–6 mg/kg (mean 4 mg/kg) body weight per day Tryptophan is available as an over-the-counter dietary supplement. L-tryptophan can be found in turkey, chicken, milk, potatoes, pumpkin, turnip and collard greens, seaweed, eggs, cheese, chocolate, oats, fish, poultry, spirulina, sesame, and sunflower seeds. Altered serotonin function is associated with mood-affective disorders including depression, autism and cognitive deficits, anorexia, bulimia nervosa and obesity, and other syndromes such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In the peripheral nervous system and other parts of the body, serotonin modulates gut function, immune and inflammatory responses and the function of blood cells including platelets. In the central nervous system, the neurotransmitter serotonin is known to regulate the main adaptive reactions and responses to environmental changes, such as mood-anxiety, sleep, cognition (thinking), nociception (pain perception), impulsivity, aggressiveness, libido, feeding behaviour, and body temperature.
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Use of amino acid precursors, particularly long term, should therefore be engaged with caution and the guidance of a clinician well versed in this arena of therapeutics.Ĭomplementary and Alternative Medications (CAM) The healthy function of the brain and nervous system relies on a functional neurochemical balance and the disruption of this balance, either by a disease process or a treatment process, impairs healthy function. The therapeutic use of neurotransmitter precursors (building blocks), such as amino acids L-tryptophan and 5-HTP, to facilitate the body’s production of neurotransmitters must take into account the balance that exists within the brain and nervous system between the many pathways and activities of multiple neurotransmitters. 5-HTP is used in the treatment of depression, headaches, insomnia, fibromyalgia, obesity, carbohydrate craving, bulimia, narcolepsy and premenstrual syndrome.